Structure determination by X-ray diffraction, reciprocal lattice, structure factor,  size effect on X-ray diffraction,

Single domain nature and superparamagnetism in magnetic

nanoparticles,  magnetoresistance: GMR, TMR, CMR, 

Optical  properties  and electronic structure of nanomaterials,  luminescence from nanoparticles, electronic structure of nanomaterials and Fermi surfaces,

Raman spectroscopy of nanoparticles, thermodynamics of nanomaterials: change in melting point

Synthesis  Techniques for the preparation of nanoparticles; Bottom up approach: sol-gel synthesis, hydrothermal growth, thin film growth (i.e. CVD, PVD), Top-down approach: ball milling, micro fabrication, lithography.

Size effect on shape of materials, size effect on electronic properties-  magic number,  grain boundary effect,  semiconductor  nanoparticles; Plasmonic  nanoparticles,  localized  surface plasmon resonance, surface plasmon polariton, Nanoelectronics: Quantum hall effect, single molecule electronics, Coulomb blockade effect, spintronics, nanophotonics

Quantum confinement;  Preparation of Quantum nanostructures;  Quantum Effects;  Surface area ; Size and dimensionality effects; Quantum confinement in semiconductors; Conduction electrons and dimensionality; Fermi gas and density of states; Partial confinement; Excitons

Introduction to Animal Health and Disease

1. Introduction to Animal Health and Disease

• Definition of Disease: Explain disease as any deviation from the normal state of health that affects the productivity and well-being of animals.
• Importance of Animal Health: Discuss the impact of animal health on livestock productivity, quality of food products, economic losses, and implications for public health.

2. Types of Diseases in Livestock and Poultry

• Infectious Diseases: Caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
  • Examples: Foot-and-mouth disease (livestock), Newcastle disease (poultry).
• Non-Infectious Diseases: Due to genetic, environmental, or nutritional factors.
  • Examples: Metabolic disorders, nutritional deficiencies.
• Zoonotic Diseases: Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans.
  • Examples: Brucellosis, Avian influenza.

3. Common Causes of Diseases

• Pathogens: Overview of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
• Nutritional Deficiencies: Lack of essential nutrients leading to weakened immunity.
• Environmental Stressors: Poor housing conditions, overcrowding, extreme temperatures.
• Genetic Factors: Predispositions that may increase disease susceptibility.

4. Disease Transmission and Spread

• Direct Transmission: Physical contact, droplets.
• Indirect Transmission: Via contaminated surfaces, feed, water, or through vectors like insects.
• Role of Biosecurity: Importance of practices to prevent disease spread, including quarantine and sanitation.

5. Symptoms of Common Diseases in Livestock and Poultry

• Livestock: Symptoms like loss of appetite, lameness, skin lesions, respiratory distress.
• Poultry: Symptoms including decreased egg production, coughing, abnormal feathering, diarrhea.

6. Disease Diagnosis in Livestock and Poultry

• Clinical Examination: Visual inspection and physical examination.
• Laboratory Testing: Blood tests, fecal examinations, tissue sampling.
• Modern Diagnostic Tools: Use of PCR, ELISA, and other molecular diagnostics.

7. Prevention and Control Measures

• Vaccination: Importance and types of vaccines available for livestock and poultry diseases.
• Biosecurity Practices: Sanitation, disinfection, controlled access to farms.
• Regular Monitoring and Early Detection: Routine health checks to identify diseases early.
• Nutritional Management: Providing balanced feed to maintain immune strength.

8. Economic Impact of Livestock and Poultry Diseases

• Productivity Losses: Reduced milk, meat, and egg production.
• Treatment Costs: Medications, veterinary services, biosecurity infrastructure.
• Trade and Market Implications: Export restrictions due to disease outbreaks.

9. Public Health Concerns and Zoonoses

• Significance of Zoonotic Diseases: Highlight zoonotic diseases that have significant public health impact.
• One Health Approach: Emphasize integrated efforts to improve health across animal, human, and environmental sectors.

10. Future Trends and Research in Disease Management

• Vaccination Advances: Development of more effective and accessible vaccines.
• Genomic and Molecular Approaches: Genetic resistance to diseases.
• Sustainable Farming Practices: Enhancing resilience to diseases through sustainable practices.

Fullerenes, C60, C80 SWNT and MWNT

UNIT I: Size,  shape  and  charge  distribution

UNIT I: Spin and parity

UNIT I: Binding  energy

UNIT I: Semi-empirical  mass  formula

UNIT I: liquid  drop  model

Methods

UNIT I: Nature  of  the  nuclear  force

UNIT I: Form  of  nucleon-nucleon  potential

UNIT I: Charge-independence  and charge-symmetry of nuclear forces

UNIT I: Deuteron problem

UNIT I: Evidence  of  shell  structure

UNIT I: Single-particle  shell  model, its  validity  and limitations.

UNIT II: Elementary  ideas  of  alpha,  beta  and  gamma  decays and  their  selection  rules

UNIT II: Fission  and  fusion.