• Basics of computer network

  • Basics of computer network


  • Dummy Title

  • Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nunc ac faucibus odio. Vestibulum neque massa, scelerisque sit amet ligula eu, congue molestie mi. Praesent ut varius sem. Nullam at porttitor arcu, nec lacinia nisi. Ut ac dolor vitae odio interdum condimentum. Vivamus dapibus sodales ex, vitae malesuada ipsum cursus convallis. Maecenas sed egestas nulla, ac condimentum orci. Mauris diam felis, vulputate ac suscipit et, iaculis non est. Curabitur semper arcu ac ligula semper, nec luctus nisl blandit. Integer lacinia ante ac libero lobortis imperdiet. Nullam mollis convallis ipsum, ac accumsan nunc vehicula vitae. Nulla eget justo in felis tristique fringilla. Morbi sit amet tortor quis risus auctor condimentum. Morbi in ullamcorper elit. Nulla iaculis tellus sit amet mauris tempus fringilla. Maecenas mauris lectus, lobortis et purus mattis, blandit dictum tellus.  Maecenas non lorem quis tellus placerat varius.  Nulla facilisi.  Aenean congue fringilla justo ut aliquam.  Mauris id ex erat. Nunc vulputate neque vitae justo facilisis, non condimentum ante sagittis.  Morbi viverra semper lorem nec molestie.  Maecenas tincidunt est efficitur ligula euismod, sit amet ornare est vulputate


  • Dummy Title 2

  • Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nunc ac faucibus odio. Vestibulum neque massa, scelerisque sit amet ligula eu, congue molestie mi. Praesent ut varius sem. Nullam at porttitor arcu, nec lacinia nisi. Ut ac dolor vitae odio interdum condimentum. Vivamus dapibus sodales ex, vitae malesuada ipsum cursus convallis. Maecenas sed egestas nulla, ac condimentum orci. Mauris diam felis, vulputate ac suscipit et, iaculis non est. Curabitur semper arcu ac ligula semper, nec luctus nisl blandit. Integer lacinia ante ac libero lobortis imperdiet. Nullam mollis convallis ipsum, ac accumsan nunc vehicula vitae. Nulla eget justo in felis tristique fringilla. Morbi sit amet tortor quis risus auctor condimentum. Morbi in ullamcorper elit. Nulla iaculis tellus sit amet mauris tempus fringilla. Maecenas mauris lectus, lobortis et purus mattis, blandit dictum tellus.  Maecenas non lorem quis tellus placerat varius.  Nulla facilisi.  Aenean congue fringilla justo ut aliquam.  Mauris id ex erat. Nunc vulputate neque vitae justo facilisis, non condimentum ante sagittis.  Morbi viverra semper lorem nec molestie.  Maecenas tincidunt est efficitur ligula euismod, sit amet ornare est vulputate


  • Basic Elements of PCM


  • Sob Topic 1

  • Lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,

    consectetur adipiscing elit. Nunc ac faucibus odio. Vestibulum neque massa, scelerisque sit amet ligula eu, congue molestie mi. Praesent ut varius sem. Nullam at porttitor arcu, nec lacinia nisi. Ut ac dolor vitae odio interdum condimentum. Vivamus dapibus sodales ex, vitae malesuada ipsum cursus convallis. Maecenas sed egestas nulla, ac condimentum orci. Mauris diam felis, vulputate ac suscipit et, iaculis non est. Curabitur semper arcu ac ligula semper, nec luctus nisl blandit. Integer lacinia ante ac libero lobortis imperdiet. Nullam mollis convallis ipsum, ac accumsan nunc vehicula vitae. Nulla eget justo in felis tristique fringilla. Morbi sit amet tortor quis risus auctor condimentum. Morbi in ullamcorper elit. Nulla iaculis tellus sit amet mauris tempus fringilla. Maecenas mauris lectus, lobortis et purus mattis, blandit dictum tellus.  Maecenas non lorem quis tel


  • Sub 2

  • Lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nunc ac faucibus odio. Vestibulum neque massa, scelerisque sit amet ligula eu, congue molestie mi. Praesent ut varius sem. Nullam at porttitor arcu, nec lacinia nisi. Ut ac dolor vitae odio interdum condimentum. Vivamus dapibus sodales ex, vitae malesuada ipsum cursus convallis. Maecenas sed egestas nulla, ac condimentum orci. Mauris diam felis, vulputate ac suscipit et, iaculis non est. Curabitur semper arcu ac ligula semper, nec luctus nisl blandit. Integer lacinia ante ac libero lobortis imperdiet. Nullam mollis convallis ipsum, ac accumsan nunc vehicula vitae. Nulla eget justo in felis tristique fringilla. Morbi sit amet tortor quis risus auctor condimentum. Morbi in ullamcorper elit. Nulla iaculis tellus sit amet mauris tempus fringilla. Maecenas mauris lectus, lobortis et purus mattis, blandit dictum tellus.  Maecenas non lorem quis tel



  • ਸਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਅਕਾਲ ਦੁਨਿਆ
  • ਸਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਅਕਾਲ ਦੁਨਿਆ


  • Sub topic1

  • Lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum
    dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nunc ac faucibus odio. Vestibulum neque massa, scelerisque sit amet ligula eu, congue molestie mi. Praesent ut varius sem. Nullam at porttitor arcu, nec lacinia nisi. Ut ac dolor vitae odio interdum condimentum. Vivamus dapibus sodales ex, vitae malesuada ipsum cursus convallis. Maecenasegestas nulla, ac condimentum orci. Mauris diam felis, vulputate ac suscipit et, iaculis non est. Curabitur semper arcu ac ligula semper, nec luctus nisl blandit. Integer lacinia ante ac libero lobortis imperdiet. Nullam mollis convallis ipsum, ac accumsan nunc vehicula vitae. Nulla eget justo in felis tristique fringilla. Morbi sit amet tortor quis risus auctor condimentum. Morbi in ullamcorper elit. Nulla iaculis tellus sit amet mauris tempus fringilla. Maecenas mauris lectus, lobortis et purus mattis, blandit dictum tellus


  • Transmission modes


  • Sub Topic

  • Lorem ipsum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, con
    sectetur adipiscing elit. Nunc ac faucibus odio. Vestibulum neque massa, scelerisque sit amet ligula eu, congue molestie mi. Praesent ut varius sem. Nullam at porttitor arcu, nec lacinia nisi. Ut ac dolor vitae odio interdum condimentum. Vivamus dapibus sodales ex, vitae malesuada ipsum cursus convallis. Maecenas sed egestas nulla, ac condimentum orci. Mauris diam felis, vulputate ac suscipit et, iaculis non est. Curabitur semper arcu ac ligula semper, nec luctus nisl blandit. Integer lacinia ante ac libero lobortis imperdiet. Nullam mollis convallis ipsum, ac accumsan nunc vehicula vitae. Nulla eget justo in felis tristique fringilla. Morbi sit amet tortor quis risus auctor condimentum. Morbi in ullamcorper elit. Nulla iaculis tellus sit amet mauris tempus fringilla. Maecenas mauris lectus, lobortis et purus mattis, blandit dictum tellus.  Maecenas non lorem quis tellus placerat varius.



  • Prokaryotic nomenclature code and rules

  • LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature

    https://lpsn.dsmz.de/



  • KEY POINTS

    1. Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants.
    2. Fungi are heterotrophic: they use complex organic compounds as sources of energy and carbon, not photosynthesis.
    3. Fungi multiply either asexually, sexually, or both.
    4. The majority of fungi produce spores, which are defined as haploid cells that can undergo mitosis to form multicellular, haploid individuals.
    5. Fungi interact with other organisms by either forming beneficial or mutualistic associations (mycorrhizae and lichens) or by causing serious infections

    KEY TERMS

    • Mycorrhiza: a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant
    • Spore: a reproductive particle, usually a single cell, released by a fungus, alga, or plant that may germinate into another
    • Lichen: any of many symbiotic organisms, being associations of fungi and algae; often found as white or yellow patches on old walls, etc.
    • Ascomycota: a taxonomic division within the kingdom Fungi; those fungi that produce spores in a microscopic sporangium called an ascus
    • Heterotrophic: organisms that use complex organic compounds as sources of energy and carbon

  • FUNGI CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

  • KEY POINTS

    1. Fungal cell walls are rigid and contain complex polysaccharides called chitin (adds structural strength) and glucans.
    2. Ergosterol is the steroid molecule in the cell membranes that replaces the cholesterol found in animal cell membranes.
    3. Fungi can be unicellular, multicellular, or dimorphic, which is when the fungi is unicellular or multicellular depending on
    4. environmental conditions.
    5. Fungi in the morphological vegetative stage consist of a tangle of slender, thread-like hyphae, whereas the reproductive stage is usually more obvious.
    6. Fungi like to be in a moist and slightly acidic environment; they can grow with or without light or oxygen.
    7. Fungi are saprophyte heterotrophs in that they use dead or decomposing organic matter as a source of carbon.

    KEY TERMS

    • Glucan: any polysaccharide that is a polymer of glucose
    • Ergosterol: the functional equivalent of cholesterol found in cell membranes of fungi and some protists, as well as, the steroid precursor of vitamin D2
    • Mycelium: the vegetative part of any fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, threadlike hyphae, often underground
    • Hypha: a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus that is the main mode of vegetative growth
    • Septum: cell wall division between hyphae of a fungus
    • Thallus: vegetative body of a fungus
    • Saprophyte: any organism that lives on dead organic matter, as certain fungi and bacteria
    • Chitin: a complex polysaccharide, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi; thought to be responsible for some forms of asthma in humans

  • IRC 1


  • IRC 2


  • IRC 3


  • IRC 4


  • KEY POINTS

    1. New colonies of fungi can grow from the fragmentation of hyphae.
    2. During budding, a bulge forms on the side of the cell; the bud ultimately detaches after the nucleus divides mitotically.
    3. Asexual spores are genetically identical to the parent and may be released either outside or within a special reproductive sac called a sporangium.
    4. Adverse environmental conditions often cause sexual reproduction in fungi.
    5. Mycelium can either be homothallic or heterothallic when reproducing sexually.
    6. Fungal sexual reproduction includes the following three stages: plasmogamy, karyogamy, and gametangia.

    KEY TERMS

    • Homothallic: male and female reproductive structures are present in the same plant or fungal mycelium
    • Gametangium: an organ or cell in which gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular protists, algae, fungi, and the gametophytes of plants
    • Spore: a reproductive particle, usually a single cell, released by a fungus, alga, or plant that may germinate into another
    • Sporangium: a case, capsule, or container in which spores are produced by an organism
    • Karyogamy: the fusion of two nuclei within a cell
    • Plasmogamy: stage of sexual reproduction joining the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia without the fusion of nuclei